Asimov On Chemistry by Isaac Asimov Essay Example For Students

Asimov On Chemistry by Isaac Asimov Essay Asimov On Chemistry by Isaac AsimovThe Book Asimov on Chemistry by Isaac Asimov is an assortment ofseventeen articles that he composed for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. This book is one of ten that were distributed by Doubleday Company, Inc. Notall of the books focused on science and like science. Most simply coveredanything Isaac Asimov pondered about. These Essays go back very aways with arange from January 1959 to April 1966. INORGANIC CHEMISTRYThe Weighting GameThis I saw as the most exhausting in the entire book. It coverschemical nuclear weight and physical nuclear weight. It likewise gives chemicalmethods that decide the nuclear weight. Slow burnThis is a portrayal of how Isaac newton added to the field ofchemistry alongside what civic establishments thought of science. At that point he talksabout a pathologically timid, absentminded, stodgy, ladies despising scientist. Thisman made a few revelations about inflammable gas and demonstrated water to be anoxide. We will compose a custom exposition on Asimov On Chemistry by Isaac Asimov explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The Element of PerfectionAsimov discusses space experts in the mid 1800s, and how they made thespectroscope. At exactly that point does he begin to make reference to a component a french chemistbelived to be new or perhaps only a heavier from of nitrogen. Dormant gases andthere liquefaction focuses are then recorded along when they when fisrt liquefiedby a physicist. Welcome, Stranger!This discusses the rarest of stable enert gases, xenon. It additionally tellswhy that in 1962 such a significant number of expirements were finished including this gas. Fisrt itdefines the word gas, and discusses various sorts in around four pages. Thenshe discusses how it is joined with flourine to shape a toxin. Passing in the LabratoryHere Asimov discusses how researchers have kicked the bucket because of poor labconditions and different issues. He additionally discloses to you a couple of approach to harm youself ina lab, for example, blending xenon and flourine. He at that point goes off and clarifies howflourine was utilized and found alongside who passed on in this procedure. A fewother noxious concoction mixes are likewise referenced. To Tell a ChemistThis is Isaac Asimovs method of telling on the off chance that somebody is scientific expert or not. Thetwo questions are: (1) How would you articulate UNIONIZED? also, (2) what is a mole?He feels that in the event that you can say un-EYE-on-ized and talk for a considerable length of time about molecularweight to characterize mole, at that point you should be a scientist. Atomic CHEMISTRYThe Evens Have ItConcluded here is the way isotopes are unreasonable and how to distinguish them. He then descibes how an isotope is built. likewise he says a component with aneven nuclear number is without stable or semi-stable components, execpt nineelements. Along these lines the Earth is of the even/even structure having isotopes wtih an evennumber of neutrons. Natural CHEMISTRYYou, Too, Can Speak GaelicHere you are given essential instrucions on the best way to pronouce seventeensylable words. His model is para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (PA-ruh-dy-METH-il-a-MEE-noh-ben-ZAL-duh-cover up). He at that point tells the beginning and development of thedifferent words for methyl and ethyl liquor alongside there nuclear structure. BIOCHEMISTRYThe Haste-makersAsimov discusses impetuses and the sources. He tells how a catalystworks and what makes it. Likewise, he demonstrates that an impetus is in no waymagical in the wake of having a talk about this from his manager. At long last catalystare made of proteins that cause life. Lifes BottleneckThis manages how man is dumping phosphorus into the sea due toplumbing. this is stirring up the sea and the ocean bottom causing phosphorus tostay at the base of sea as opposed to flowing. Additionally, sewage dumping is amajor toxin for the sea. .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77 , .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77 .postImageUrl , .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77 , .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77:hover , .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77:visited , .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77:active { border:0!important; } .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77:active , .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } . u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa7 7 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u6ee2b1efc308b42716af7327125caa77:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Managerial Economics: Analysis of the Indian Telecom Sector EssayThe Egg and WeeAsimov discusses and examines how all life can be put in an eggwhich is so little. He finishes by discussing the volume and number of atomscertain infections contain alongside who kicked the bucket examining them. That is LifeExplanations of life are given here. Asimov discusses individuals theoriesand meanings of life over past years. Individuals attempted to state what was livingand what was dead by definitions that were there own counter model. A lenghtydefinition was introduced toward the end without any escape clauses that were distinguishable. Not as We Know ItCovered here are diverse posibile foundations for supporting life. Water is the foundation we live off. The nearest he looked at is smelling salts due tosimilarities in water they share. Asimov, a definite sci-fi author,also metions such alterantives as vaporous, metal, vitality, and mental creatures. These would live in space, vitality, stars, hyperspace. GEOCHEMISTRYRecipe for a PlanetThis was composed when the US and the previous Soviet Union wereattempting to penetrate into the focal point of the Earth. This undertaking, Mohole ,haslong since been relinquished. Thoughts are introduced about conceivable focus of theEarth, for example, iron or olivine (a magnesium iron silicate). The rates bywieght are given for the diverse substance that make up the Earth in thesepeoples speculations. Toward the end is a formula to develop a planet as to some degree ofa joke. No More Ice Ages?This manages the way that by having coal and oil buring power plants,we are radiating an excessive amount of carbon dioxide. That may cause another ice age or aworld wide tropic. It additionally manages how atomic waste from power plants isbeing dispoed of. GENERALThe Noblemen of ScienceIsaac Asimov chose to compose this article after he was called by areporting needing to know who three frenchmen were that had quite recently won the nobelprize. Since he didnt realize he chose to make a rundown of all pepople who had wonthe nobel preize in the fields of material science, science, and medication. He alsosupplied the nation where every researcher recieved their undergradutetraining. The Isaac WinnersThere are individuals that Isaac Asimov feel are the best in the field ofscience; so he made The Isaac Winners. This honor is named after Isaac Newton(besides who else would it be able to be). Asimov has made a rundown of seventy two peoplehe feels are the contedors. At that point, in the wake of posting and giving a brief descriptionof the canidates, he gives you a rundown of what number of individuals think in what language. Most idea in English, while minimal idea in Russian. At that point he list histop ten in sequential request giving there religion and nationality..

Aggression in sports free essay sample

Animosity is a characteristic human conduct, that is appeared from multiple points of view contingent upon the individuals. Most can control it, yet there will consistently be anomalies In each circumstance. A major subject of conversation on animosity Is If sports make us more forceful than we ought to be, and if vicious games ought to be disheartened. A genuine case of forceful and vicious movement by a competitor Is Michael Vick and his pooch battling circumstance. Michael Vick was probably the best player at his situation In the NFL. He was popular and regarded by numerous fans. He played school football at Virginia Tech, and set third spot in the helsman trophy race as a green bean. He was then drafted first in general in 2001. In 2007 Vick was seen as liable for partaking in an unlawful sorted out pooch battling. He was accused of a lawful offense and served just about 2 years in jail. Numerous there to conviction that playing a fierce game prompted savage activities. We will compose a custom article test on Animosity in sports or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Truly I do accept vicious games do make competitors increasingly forceful. I accept this ecause measurements show that a football player Is 80% bound to take an interest in criminal behavior then a peaceful game competitor, for example, a baseball player. In any case, this isn't generally the situation, there are a great many way increasingly forceful individuals getting In inconvenience on the boulevards that don't play sports, but are progressively forceful. Despite the fact that It isn't everybody takes an interest In the game there are excessively forceful individuals. Additionally I accept elite athletics players need to have more control of themselves and have the option to draw a barely recognizable difference between whats good and bad. Once in a while competitors who procure a high check frequently could think less about punishments and fines against them however I think that is totally off-base and that each player ought to make progress toward a spotless record. Fitting animosity on the field and off would be observing all the principles of the game and in the public eye. On the field you ought to consistently regard the authorities mentors and players. Successes are fine as long as they are spotless. Off the field a players hostility ought to resemble each ordinary individual having the option to control outrage and animosity. without slaughtering individuals or creatures. The most ideal approach to forestall Inappropriate hostilities on the field is the do what they are doing now, punish and fine players. This assistance with conduct Issues In sports and in non sport circumstances. Animosity in sports By Period 5 in each circumstance. A major subject of conversation on hostility is if sports make us more case o f forceful and brutal action by a competitor is Michael Vick and his canine battling circumstance. Michael Vick was probably the best player at his situation in the NFL. He was popular rd place in the helsman trophy race as a green bean. He was then drafted first by and large there to conviction that playing a game prompted brutal activities. since insights show that a football player is 80% bound to partake in not generally the situation, there are a huge number of far progressively forceful individuals getting in however it isn't everybody takes an interest in the game there are excessively forceful particularly without slaughtering individuals or creatures. The most ideal approach to forestall wrong This assistance with social issues in sports and in non sport circumstances.

Overcoming an Obstacle Essay

There are numerous weaknesses and snags that can happen through all individuals. In spite of the fact that they might be a significant hampered, numerous individuals don’t understand that these deterrents can be utilized furthering their potential benefit. The vast majority experience an obstruction or burden and surrender not realizing it could be transformed into something positive. At the point when we are confronted with a hindrance, we would all be able to focus in and figure out how to turn the circumstance great. For instance, the organizer of TOMS, Blake Mycoskie transformed the hindrance of neediness in numerous nations into a chance to improve the lives of others by making a revenue driven association which gives them, shoes, glasses, and spreads mindfulness. The principal thing the association gives is shoes to individuals in more than 50 nations. At whatever point somebody purchases a couple of TOMS shoes, one is given a couple in an alternate nation; this is the p lace the motto â€Å"One for One† originated from. Shoes probably won't appear to be critical to us yet it is critical to the individuals who can't bear the cost of them. Shoes help shield children’s feet from getting injured and perhaps in any event, getting tainted. This implies the youngsters won't become ill and be sufficiently solid to go to class. Not having shoes additionally influences children’s instruction. Pretty much every school in any nation require shoes as a piece of school uniform. On the off chance that all youngsters got shoes, school participation would increment by 62%, that’s a colossal distinction. On the off chance that instruction is expanded, that would make individuals increasingly versatile, and may even end neediness. Regardless of whether a few schools will permit youngsters to go to without shoes, many will even now not join in. Most youngsters are embarrassed or humiliated to abandon shoes. Notwithstanding, when they are given a couple of shoes, it helps their certainty. This encourages them need to go to class and add to their locale. Shoes can have a major effect in someone’s life, and even change their reality. Second, the association gives eye care to the individuals who are visually impaired or outwardly disabled. Whenever somebody purchases TOMS eyewear, eye care is given to somebody out of luck. Roughly 90% of individuals who are visually impaired or outwardly weakened live in creating nations. Altogether, 285 million people are visually impaired or outwardly impeded. Notwithstanding, with eye care, 80% of those cases can be revised or forestalled. The vast majority experience the ill effects of waterfalls, which is the main source of visual deficiency. Waterfalls can be relieved with only a 15-minute medical procedure, which is paid for when we purchase TOMS eyewear.  As we make the most of our new shades, individuals in different nations are getting remedy eyewear and clinical treatment which assists treat with looking at wounds and diseases. At the point when vision is reestablished, it offers people the chance to come back to class or work. Grown-ups can get monetarily steady and no longer require additional consideration. Obviously we as a whole ability significant vision is, so allowing somebody the chance to see is an extraordinary inclination. There are numerous different approaches to take an interest, purchase purchasing the items, however to place your self in their â€Å"shoes† for a day. In conclusion, TOMS additionally has a specific outing of the year to spread consciousness of the manner in which others live. For instance, on April 16, 2013, was â€Å"One day without shoes†. The motivation behind this was for everybody to be shoeless for a day, much the same as youngsters in different nations are ordinary. In additi on to the fact that it spreads mindfulness, yet in addition encourages us to acknowledge what we have. Another occasion by TOMS is â€Å"World Sight Day† which was on October 10, 2013. This is when everybody wears their TOMS shades, even inside, just to show you were separated of an option that could be greater than yourself. The two occasions are extraordinary approaches to show your help, and a lot more are on their way. Anything can be changed, even obstructions that appear to be difficult to survive. Who realized that a couple of shoes could help end destitution? On the off chance that everybody gave their part, the world could roll out an exceptional improvement. Because something appears to hard, doesn’t mean it can't be accomplished, it tends to be as basic as a couple of shoes or an eye test.

Where to Find Developmental Psychology Essay Topics

Where to Find Developmental Psychology Essay Topics New Step by Step Roadmap for Developmental Psychology Essay Topics Finding the proper idea or material for an essay isn't the only challenge you're most likely to encounter. Children then know their boundaries and know what things to anticipate from the rules that they've been given. Well, with us you can find the sort of essay you want at an inexpensive price. Ask anybody that has been writing great essays the secret behind the special content. Sometimes your professor may test your capability to deal with complex tasks by providing you a tough writing assignment. You must be proficient in the topic, have an overall idea about the chosen issue and figure out how to get the best arguments to show your thesis. After comparing and contrasting the 3 developmental theories you are going to have complete comprehension of how each theory plays a part in the growth of people from infancy to adulthood. Essentially, Piaget found the maturation of the child to be such a complicated undertaking that even the categories which he devised needed to be further refine when putting all the info into context. The list of ideas is supplied below. Developmental Psychology Essay Topics Secrets At exactly the same time, it features the study of human aging and the whole human beings lifespan. Your brain determines what's relevant and irrelevant so as to make you pay attention. The issue isn't modifying the variables, but rather how they're modified. It isn't in the variableness or globalness of something, but rather in how it affects our capability to understand code. It isn't difficult to make a good research paper in this subject, but should you need to go beyond common and easy topics, here are five suggestions for you. The topics aren't only inspirational but assist you with mind-boggling ideas that you may put in your essay. After you locate a proper topic it's imperative that you concentrate on proper research. If you wish to pick a valid topic for your research paper below this portion of psychology then you have to divide your subject into easy categories and select an area which you find most interesting. Thus, when you order your paper here, you can be sure it will be entirely original. Any moment so that you can get research paper. Composing such a paper isn't such a draconic task because you may think. Whenever your assignment is a literature review, you're usually indicated with the maximum studies you're able to have in your work. The title of your assignment automatically determines the research you are going to have to do to be able to be in a position to compose the paper. In the majority of cases, work consumes most of the time for people leaving limited time to produce original psychology arguments. Liking People can easily be persuaded by other people they know and like. Also, the majority of people wish to manipulate over the brief term. No one wants to feel as if they're a terrible person who is continually hurting others. The absolute most complicated and the most significant time in the life span of a person is his teenage moment. The school will help children by giving children the education they will need to raise and develop and be the very best possible person which they can be. In the end, it may change your life. Inside this type, the kid is getting cared for but the parents aren't lenient with the youngster, this could create the child to turn into aggressive outside of the house. Men and women feel part of the group and part of the job. Studies suggest this to make discipline, we have to concentrate on the procedure, instead of the end objective. 1 reason is because study after study indicates that a group of individuals who bring various perspectives get superior outcomes. In rural, very remote areas the influence on the individual level logically is much less massive.

The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Managers, supervisors, and Chaperones must ensure that all nurses undertaking intimate care understand and are familiar with the Intimate Care Policy and Guidelines in addition to the associated Policy and Procedures such as those of ICN. In addition, all nurses must undergo training in the particular kinds of intimate care that they execute and fully comprehend the intimate Care Policy and Guidelines within the framework of their careers. Any intimate care plans must also be agreed by the hospital and/or relatives of the patient where applicable. Any plans for intimate care must be all recorded in the patient s personal file and consent forms signed accordingly by the respective relations in their lives, again where applicable. No nurse should undertake any intimate care that has not been agreed upon between the hospital and the patients. The hospital must also make provisions for emergencies by having extra trained staff available to take care of specific intimate care scenarios. The hospital must not in any way assume that someone else can carry out the task. The hospital should also carry out a comprehensive review of its intimate care policy every 6 months. We will write a custom essay sample on The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The hospital management in conjunction with the nurse must ensure that intimate care is practiced in a consistent manner. There should be efficient communication between the patient and the caregivers to make sure that the practice is carried out consistently. The nurses must only undertake activities that they understand and are competent and confident enough to do. In case they are in any doubt they must INQUIRE from the relevant person.

John Stuart Mill s Book, Utilitarianism - 870 Words

In John Stuart Mill’s book, Utilitarianism (1863) he challenges many critics that are against his theory. One of which is the claim that Utilitarianism is a swine doctrine. They interpret the theory by saying a humans ultimate goal in life, is that of a swine; pleasure in the absence of pain. It is quite an understandable remark, but definitely is an over analyzed critique, in my opinion. Mill however replies to the critics in grave detail, defending his theory. Although many strengths and weaknesses are apparent, I recognize the higher and lower pleasures response, a very strong reply to a weak critique. Critics argue that utilitarianism is a swine doctrine by comparing the ethical theory, which states there is no greater end then pleasure, to that of the pleasure a swine (pig). This criticism appears as over evaluating a relatively good ethical theory. Critics view utilitarianism as a doctrine, not fit for humans. They state that if people have no desire higher than pleasure than they have the same goal as a pig. They do not think that the meaning of life should merely be reduced to pleasure (Mill, p 10). This is a very clear argument simply denying that life is that simple. Mill’s reply starts off with answering how the Epicureans do. It is not he but those who are accusing him, that view human beings in a degrading and simple-minded view point (Mill, p. 10). He further states that a beast’s pleasure does not satisfy a human’s concept of pleasure. This insinuates thatShow MoreRelatedSusan Wolf s Article Moral Saints And John Stuart Mill s Book Utilitarianism Essay1810 Words   |  8 PagesBoth Susan Wolf’s article â€Å"Moral Saints† and John Stuart Mill’s book â€Å"Utilitarianism† will be discussed here. These works offer expositions of and opinions on the philosophical issue of the moral worth of adhering to a certain set of values, and how a person’s motivations for doing so can change their worth and the desirability of their way of life. Wolf offers the position that leading an extremely morally good life is undesirable, while Mill’s opposing position is that if morality leads to happinessRead MoreJohn Forbes Nash Jr.912 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Forbes Nash Jr. and John Stuart Mill were both very important economist. John Forbes Nash Jr. was an American mathematician, and an economist. John Mill was a British Philosopher, economist, moral and political theorist, and was the most influential English-speaking philosopher in the nineteenth century. John Forbes Nash Jr. and John Stuart Mill were both very intelligent as young children. John Stuart Mill learned to read as a toddler and began to study Latin at the age of three. John ForbesRead MoreAn Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation by Jeremey Bentham.1026 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Utilitarianism? I believe that utilitarianism is the theory in which actions are right if they produce happiness and wrong if they don’t produce happiness. Happiness is what every human being look forward to. When making a decision, all possible outcomes must be ensured that it will lead to happiness . Utilitarianism is based on the principle of utility .Utility is the ability to be useful while satisfying needs. Utilitarianism is generally considered a moral theory that was found by JeremeyRead MoreUtilitarianism And The Political And Economic Aspects Of Development1493 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism in the political and economic aspects of development has been widely recognized and human social practice plays a huge impact. But the utilitarian always at the place of criticism, misunderstanding. People tend to equate utilitarianism simply with individualism. In fact, the means of utilitarianism not only consider a behaviour and motivation, and to emphasize life purpose should emerge to the scope of his own happiness, to care about other people s happiness and the improvement ofRead MoreComparing Aristotle And John Stuart Mill1130 Words   |  5 Pagestopic, however I intend to concentrate of the famous works of Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill. After metic ulously analyzing each of the above philosophers’ texts, I personally prefer the position of utilitarian and Benthamite, John Stuart Mill. After comparing and contrasting the positions and reasonings of these philosophers, I will demonstrate my own reasons why I have chosen John Stuart Mill as the most established in his theory of the role of pleasure in morality. Aristotle wasRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill : An Influential Philosopher Of The 19th Century1252 Words   |  6 PagesTierra Myers Mr. Berkoben English IV 26 October 2016 John Stuart Mill Not only did Harriet Burrow give birth to a son but also the most influential philosopher of the 19th century. Exploring the life of as well as evaluate the work of and examine the impact of John Stuart Mill gives us as readers and understanding of why this man deserves this title. Born May 20, 1806, John Stuart Mill became the son of James and Harriet Burrow. As a child he faced multiple struggles; being the only child meantRead MoreHappiness Is Worth No More Than Anyone Happiness1980 Words   |  8 Pagespursuing what we pleasure. This way to live and to be wise is referred to as the greatest happiness principle, or utilitarianism as laid out by philosopher John Stuart Mill in his book Utilitarianism, quoting John Stuart Mill s: â€Å"holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong in proportion as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.† (Mill, 1861). Furthermore, when pursuing pleasure for yourself, it is important to seek higher pleasures, and stray awayRead MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill1372 Words   |  6 PagesAct Utilitarianism is a long standing and well supported philosophical argument that when boiled down to its most basic elements, can be described as creating â€Å"the greatest good fo r the greatest number† (122). Such was the sentiment of John Stuart Mill, one of act utilitarianism’s (also known as just utilitarianism) greatest pioneers, and promoters. Mills believed that his theory of always acting in a way that achieved the greatest net happiness was both superior to other philosophical theories andRead More Immanuel Kants Ethics Of Pure Duty and John Stuart Mills Utilitarian Ethics Of Justice2753 Words   |  12 PagesFor The Metaphysics of Morals and John Stuart Mills Utilitarianism Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers who addressed the issues of morality in terms of how moral traditions are formed. Immanuel Kant has presented one viewpoint in The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals that is founded on his belief that the worth of man is inherent in his ability to reason. John Stuart Mill holds another opinion as presented in the book, Utilitarianism that is seemingly in contentionRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Definition Of Quality975 Words   |  4 Pages John Stuart Mill’s definition of quality can be broken-down distinctively into four separate definitions. When evaluating pleasures, J. S. Mill alleged the quality of particular pleasures is determined by how much pleasure the person obtains from the pleasure, in addition to, how just the pleasure is beneficially to society. Moreover, Mill argued against â€Å"†¦Bentham’s purely quantitative view of pleasure. Without denying that quantity is a consideration in the calculation of pleasure, Mill believed

Oligopoly Monopoly and Duopoly in Australia-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Oligopoly, Monopoly and Duopoly in Australia. Answer: Introduction Free market is a situation where buyers and sellers compete freely in the market. However, pure form of competition does not exist in the real world. Oligopoly, monopoly and monopolistic competition are different forms of imperfectly competitive markets. In todays world, concentration of markets in the hands of few large retailers is becoming a major problem. In the paper article based on this kind of problem is reviewed. The article focuses on market on market concentration problem in Australia. Woolworths and Coles appear as two large retail giants and hence largely affect economic health of the nation. Essence of the story Generally, oligopolistic structure prevails in Australian supermarkets. With high concentration of market power, oligopoly structure is now reduced to a specific form namely duopoly. Chief executive of Small Business council in Australia strongly acknowledges this fact and links this issue with largest trade union in Australia. In Australia thee are mainly three large organizations affecting the economic environment. Because of increasing penalty rate there is possibility that small business may shut down, giving a clear economic ground for the duopoly players. Their market share will further increase with elimination of competition through actions of Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association (SDA)[1]. This indicates that increasing market share of Coles and Woolworths is not solely resulted from better quality product or offering products at a low price but by their ability to eliminate other competitor due to their hold over increasing cost. The duopoly structure can turn to a monopoly one if any one of the big players entirely captures the whole market share. Between Woolworth and Coles products belong to Woolworth group usually, capture larger share in the market[2]. In a monopoly market, control of prices is entirely in the hand of monopolist. Sufferings of the buyers will increase if this happens. Economic theories Oligopoly Oligopoly is a market structure where number of buyers exceeds the number of sellers. Strategic dependence is a major feature of oligopolistic market. Strategic interdependence means marketing strategy of one firm influence the strategies of other sellers as well[3]. High market concentration is observed in this kind of markets. In order to increase market share the sellers engage in price war. The market demand curve has a kink because of existence of difference price elasticity Figure 1: Oligopoly market and kinked demand curve (Source: as created by Author) Equilibrium condition in oligopoly market is described in the above figure. Average Revenue curve or demand curve is named as abc. Equilibrium price is P1 as determined by the intersection of marginal revenue and marginal cost curve. Above P1 demand curve is flatter indicating elastic demand whereas below P1 demand curve is steeper that is inelastic. Price war occurs in the inelastic portion of demand curve where strategy of price reduction by one firm is followed by other rival firms[4]. Duopoly In the price war, large firms win because of their ability to sell the good even at a very low price. They use cost efficient technologies that enable them to maintain a minimum profit margin and sustain in the market. Duopoly is the most basic form of oligopoly where only two sellers enjoy most of the market share. In the duopoly market, sellers differentiated their products to enjoy a monopoly power in the market[5]. Because of high concentration of market shares, the two firms have the power to restrict production quantity, to segment the market and devise other controls in the market. The collusion between duopoly sellers has a monopoly like impacts. Woolworths and Coles in Australia form duopoly structure in Australian supermarket. In the price war, they win over other sellers because of a low cost production capacity. Attrition of competitors allows the two large retailers to dominate over others. Monopoly In the monopoly market, there is a single seller enjoys all the market power. The monopolists set its price according to demand in the market. The monopolists alone grab all the surpluses in the market as the monopolist act as a price taker instead of a price maker. As a result, economic profit can be seen even in the long-run[6]. Woolworth-Coles duopoly structure is likely to be turn into a monopoly structure. Monopoly power can be realized either due to cartel formation between them or due to dominance of one of them on other[7]. The monopoly market structure with economic profit is explained in the following diagram. Figure 2: Monopoly market structure and economic profit (Source: as created by Author) In the figure, the shaded region shows the economic profit enjoyed by the monopolist. Equilibrium is obtained by equating marginal revenue and marginal cost same like oligopoly market. However, the price is much higher in monopoly market allowing the monopoly seller to enjoy an economic profit. Recommendation In a concentrated market, buyers are always at a disadvantageous position. Once large sellers capture the entire market, they start increasing their profit margin by increasing price in the market[8]. Exclusivity clause in lease agreement leads to market concentration by preventing establishment of rival shops in nearby region. Policymakers should revise such lease agreement. Assistance should be given to small retailer to compete with the large retailers. They should encourage competition among the supermarket retailers. Campaign should be made to promote products of other retailers. The state should take initiatives to look into this matter and break the market concentration. Conclusion Market with imperfect competition takes different forms. Among them oligopoly is a common type of market. The paper analyzes the oligopoly structure of supermarkets in Australia. The structure recently turns to a duopoly one with increasing concentration of Woolworth and Coles. Australian buyers largely suffer from the market power of the giants firms. If this continues, there is possibility that the supermarket structure will become a monopoly structure. Policy makers should design policies to reduce concentration in the market. References Business Leader Savages Supermarkets(2017) NewsComAu https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/small-business-chief-savages-coles-and-woolies-and-their-trade-union-ally/news-story/313cad799dc9df6c4b51dcfa36de2bb3 Competition, Squeezing,Market Monopolies In Australia(2017) CHOICE https://www.choice.com.au/shopping/everyday-shopping/supermarkets/articles/market-concentration Dunne, Timothy et al, "Entry, Exit, And The Determinants Of Market Structure" (2013) 44The RAND Journal of Economics. Gottliebsen, Robert and Robert Gottliebsen,Supermarket Shake-Up Looms(2017) Theaustralian.com.au https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/robert-gottliebsen/the-coming-shakeup-of-australian-supermarkets/news-story/dbb9a3dbddbe42f730a760e10488a357 Mankiw, N. Gregory and Mark P Taylor,Microeconomics(Cengage Learning EMEA, 2014) "Mixed Market Competition In A Quality Differentiated Duopoly ModelAn Approach To Banking Sector" (2014) 13Chinese Business Review Oligopoly And Dynamic Competition(Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). Pindyck, Robert S and Daniel L Rubinfeld,Microeconomics (Pearson Education, 2013 Business Leader Savages Supermarkets(2017) NewsComAu https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/small-business-chief-savages-coles-and-woolies-and-their-trade-union-ally/news-story/313cad799dc9df6c4b51dcfa36de2bb3. Squeezing competition,Market Monopolies In Australia(2017) CHOICE https://www.choice.com.au/shopping/everyday-shopping/supermarkets/articles/market-concentration. N. Gregory Mankiw and Mark P Taylor,Microeconomics(Cengage Learning EMEA, 2014). Oligopoly And Dynamic Competition(Palgrave Macmillan, 2014). "Mixed Market Competition In A Quality Differentiated Duopoly ModelAn Approach To Banking Sector" (2014) 13Chinese Business Review. Timothy Dunne et al, "Entry, Exit, And The Determinants Of Market Structure" (2013) 44The RAND Journal of Economics. Robert Gottliebsen and Robert Gottliebsen,Supermarket Shake-Up Looms(2017) Theaustralian.com.au https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/robert-gottliebsen/the-coming-shakeup-of-australian-supermarkets/news-story/dbb9a3dbddbe42f730a760e10488a357. Robert S Pindyck and Daniel L Rubinfeld,Microeconomics (Pearson Education, 2013

Brain Drain Essays - Ageing, Demographics Of The United States

Brain Drain One of the major concerns of today's companies is the shortage of labor, especially in management. The baby boomers are nearing retirement age in the United States and the birth rate is dropping. These circumstances, coupled with the booming economy are the main causes of the labor shortage. There is a high demand for labor but the once seemingly bottomless pool of employees and managers that companies drew from has started to dry up. What are the factors that contributed to the problem and how are today's corporations going to handle this problem? The type of labor needed in today's society has been undergoing a constant change. There is an increase in demand for workers but there is a much greater demand for educated white-collar workers, especially management material. Projections state that the growth in managerial positions will increase 20% by the year 2010 yet the population aged 35-50 will decrease nearly 10%. What these figures say is the already diminishing supply of executives is going to dwindle even more over the next 10 years. There is a shortage of blue-collar workers now and there will also be an even greater shortage of them in the future. In order for employers to find people who are willing to perform unskilled, repetitive jobs they are going to have to be willing to raise the level of compensation offered to employees. If McDonalds needs someone to flip hamburgers they better be prepared to pay double to triple minimum wage. There are a wide variety of employment opportunities and today's workforce can affor d to be selective when choosing a job. The demand for employees is high while the supply is low. The figures on the change in average population ages and growth in industrialized nations is beginning to make the corporate world stand up and take notice. If the trends continue as they have been for the past thirty years, the shortage of labor is going to continually get worse with each year that passes. The predictions from the United States Census Bureau state that between 1990 and 2000 the increase of the American population over 60 will be 10.5% but in 2010 to 2020, the increase will be 32.5%. The change in the 60 plus population in the United States is projected to nearly triple in thirty years. Compare these figures to the increase in under sixty-year-old population. From 1990 to 2000, the increase in under sixty year olds will be 6.5% and it is projected to drop to 2.8% by 2010. If you look at the changes in the workplace you will see that the average age of an employee is steadily rising as the average age of retirement continues to drop. The projected increase in 55-64 ye ar olds in the workforce from 1996 to 2006 is a staggering 54%. The projected change in the 25-34 year old bracket is -8.8%. These trends are not only true in the United States. Japan is also going to be coping with similar problems. Today the people over age 65 compose 16% of Japan's population, but by the year 2020 it is projected that percentage will soar to 26.3%. Japan, just like the United States is going to have to attempt to retain some of this group in the workforce to compensate for the continually falling birthrate in their country. This problem is very true in Europe too. Since 1995 Germany, France and Italy have experienced a continual fall in working population ages 15-64. This trend is projected to continue into the year 2000. Our aging population is also choosing to retire much earlier than they once did. This is a factor contributing to the strong economy we are enjoying now. The old are growing older, living longer and they are healthier than ever. Breakthroughs in medicine have enabled people to live much longer. The advancements our pharmaceutical companies research and development departments have made are staggering. Diseases that once were a death sentence are curable. Organs that are failing in the human body can be replaced or rebuilt. There are even some types of cancer that are considered curable. These things were not true twenty years ago. There also is a trend in

The Inequality Wage Gap of America Professor Ramos Blog

The Inequality Wage Gap of America The American dream is the ability to move up socially up the ladder of class systems through hard work, or at least thats how it used to be. In the past, a person was able to work for a company coming straight out of high school, and especially college, people expected to make a basic living wage. Nowadays, it seems like this idea is all but gone, even with a college education, earning a basic living is questionable.    All this has to do with the high cost of living in America. Our wages havent kept up with our expenses. Then there is a wage gap between the rich and poor that is evermore increasing. The damage from this inequality scenario is already showing through the national credit debt crisis, student loan debt debacle, and homelessness throughout most urban areas. Crash Course Economics produced by PBS, explains the inequality gap perfectly.   If we were to distribute 100 dollars to each high, middle, and low-class groups based on income from richest to poorest. The wealth iest groups based on income from richest to poorest. The wealthiest would represent one percent receiving dollars 10 percent of the 100, the middle class gets four dollars even though they are a cross section of the entire population. The working class would receive two dollars, and the most impoverished group would receive one dollar.   This example shows how the 1 percent take 83 percent of the American pie while millions of poor people in America get only 1 percent of the slice. It is not only unfair but the definition of exploitation. Millions without and a few having it all will lead to significant ramifications down the road. How do we bridge this gap? There are many solutions to decrease the ever-growing wage gap in America if big business, big labor, and big government would consider it a priority to fix.   The first is to re-examine the federal minimum wage and the CEO to worker salary ratio to bring the margin closer.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The federal minimum wage is currently $7.25.   Nationally it has not been raised since July of 2009, according to the U.S Department of Labor.   Sunday, June 16th, 2019, will mark a decade in which the most extended period it has not been raised. This should alert people that its long overdue since we already have a significant inequality gap going on and its extending even further stretching over such a long time.   Before a decade ago, the minimum wage was increased on the average every five years. To fix the wage gap inequality, the U.S government should increase or at least re-examine minimum wage standings every five years. This will help employees to be able to earn a salary that keeps up with the standards of living and inflation.   People often state that the minimum wage is not supposed to be a job to make an actual living month to month and year to year.   Its not a career, only a job. They say these minimum wage jobs are entry-level positions to employ high schoolers and young adults on their way to other compensating avenues, but certain circumstances leave vast numbers of people with no other option but to work years without end at minimum wage jobs.   Large numbers are employed with fast food restaurants, in retail stores, and with assorted service jobs. ABC news documented a segment on a man named Terrence who worked two minimum wage jobs to piece together money to live on. The man would leave his house at 5:30 in the morning and return 16 hours later.   His route took multiple buses to get to work. Even if he wanted to get higher education as the means to advance his job status, he is unable too because there are not enough hours in a day. If Terrence were to quit one of his jobs, he wouldnt be ab le to support his family. Therefore, raising the minimum wage would help in this situation that is common for family breadwinners realizing a person cant be in two places at one time or focusing on two things without prioritizing one.   Because he wouldnt have to work 2 jobs to support his family, he could invest his extra time to better himself by going to school. On a FED survey data that has been released that 40 percent of Americans couldnt come up with 400 dollars for emergency funds. Since Americans dont have the emergency funds, they would be forced to borrow it, using loans and credit cards as a means to pay off whatever emergency that comes up. Which, in turn, leads to more debt that the minimum wage workers budget cant handle.   The national credit card debt surpassed a trillion dollars in 2017, according to CNBC, and will continue if workers dont receive a livable wage.   A chief executive officer (CEO) in 1950 made 20 times more than their average worker.   This was the norm, and employees tended not to complain about the disparity. Nowadays, in 2019, CEOs make on the average 361 times the average rank-and-file worker; equivalent to the payment of $13,940,000 a year, according to an AFL-CIOs Executive Paywatch news release.   How could this be fair? It could become a reason to unite workers, leading people to band together to receive better pay. Startup companies like Uber are already going on strike to secure better pay wages. Dara Khosrowshahi is a CEO who made $45 million last year, according to businessinsider.com.   Compare that salary to the average commission an Uber driver makes at $ 9.17 in Oklahoma, according to ridester.com. These wages should be more evenly distributed instead of the CEO lopsidedly earning 45 million dollars. How about cutting the CEO wage in half to 22.5 million dollars. Use the other half to increase the salaries of the drivers or give them incentives for gas mileage.   This would increase the workers living situations, which in turn increases worker morale and competition to work harder, knowing that they work for a company that cares about them. There are problems associated with raising the minimum wage, the opposition will say, and that one act isnt the only thing to solve inequality.   Their money options and opinion counts. Issues such as how raising the minimum wage will increase the cost of goods and services, it could tighten the employment market by encouraging the process of automation.   When it comes to the price of products due to inflation, the Chair of the Federal Reserve tries to keep inflation down to 2 percent every year because it is inevitable that it will rise. Inflation is what keeps the economy going while it increases demand in the short term. As a result of ebb and flow, stores sell more, and factories produce more when they do.   They say these conditions tighten up the employment market and give everybody whos looking for a job. For today, the unemployment rate is at a low of 3.6 percent, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Companies such as Amazon and Walmart have recorded increasing their salaries to 15 dollars an hour and still report they dont have enough workers. The problem of automation driving humans out is a real concern, but according to Vox.com, we are very far away from that future becoming a reality, and if machines replace humans, there will be other jobs, changes create new jobs for humans. What I want people to ultimately take from this issue of raising the minimum wage and closing the extraordinary gap between CEOs and workers is that the pros outweigh the cons when it comes to reasons for raising the minimum wage and solving wage inequality.   Raising salaries will not only keep up with inflation but helps society and individuals with the standards of living. By increasing the standard of living, this will aid low-income individuals to propel motion upward on the social ladder due to them being able to use the time they devote to earning less for more learning because they will see the necessity for going to school instead of working multiple jobs to make the same pay.   It will help lower the debt ratio because Americans will have a nest egg put aside for emergency funds in case an accident were to occur. So I conclude by asking policymakers of our government to give the less fortunate a chance to catch up before it is too late, because they cant see the obvious , it is evident that there will be even more conflict in haves and have-nots future.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Amadeo, Kimberly. â€Å"2 Surprising Ways Inflation Helps You.† The Balance, The Balance, 28 Sept. 2018 â€Å"Bureau of Labor Statistics Data.† U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,   Fong, Joss. â€Å"Why the Rise of the Robots Wont Mean the End of Work.† Vox, Vox, 13 Nov. 2017,   Jdickler. â€Å"Credit Card Debt Hits a Record High. Its Time to Make a Payoff Plan.† CNBC, CNBC, 23 Jan. 2018 News, ABC. â€Å"Americans Struggling to Make Ends Meet | A Hidden America with Diane Sawyer (Nightline).† YouTube, YouTube, 14 Jan. 2017,

Middle east and international relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Middle east and international relations - Essay Example On the other hand, Efraim and Karsh comment that the debate regarding Arab nationalism as a model of homogenous states bound by common language, religion and history has â€Å"dominated Middle Eastern political discourse for the most part of this century† (1996). However, they highlight that regardless of the concept of Arab nationalism in academic rhetoric; Arab nationalism has not succeeded in achieving the goal of unifying the â€Å"Arab† nation under a model of pan-Arabism. Moreover, Biersteker and Weber highlight that in terms of Arab nationalism the central issue in Arab states is â€Å"whether Arab nationalism was or was not consistent with state sovereignty and the territorial legacy† (1996, p149). Additionally, Biersteker and Weber refer to the argument that 1967’s turning point led to Arab recognition of state sovereignty, thereby dispelling pan-Arabism and replacing the state versus nation conflict (1996,p.149). In turn, the fragmentation of various ethno-cultural groups within these states has led to a dichotomy between political state identity and national identity. For example, Rinawi refers to the example of Operation Iraqi Freedom as crystallising the distinction between sovereignty and pan Arabism, whereby with â€Å"this event the divide between the pan-Arabic and specific localised Arab agendas became apparent† (2006, p.xxi). This is further evidenced by the growing role and influence of Iran in the area as a result of the destabilisation of Iraq under Operation Iraqi Freedom, which has been of increasing concern to the US and Europe (Potemski, 2007). Accordingly, it is submitted that the central issues relating to the Middle East in context of the contemporary framework of international relations is the complex relationship between nationalism and identity in the Arab states, the terrorism phenomenon and the growing influence of Iran in the area.

Complexity in Organizations - Economics and Adaptation Assignment - 1

Complexity in Organizations - Economics and Adaptation - Assignment Example The main challenge that is being faced by managers is to ensure that complexity of systems, rules and procedures do not get out of hand and hence the persistent efforts to simplify procedures and reduce the complexity of the system. It has to be mentioned that complexity is an inherent property of any system and the study of adaptive systems has shown that complexity is an emergent property as well. Hence, this central tension between complexity and the human tendency to simplify or derive meaning by simple expositions lies at the heart of the debate over complexity. Hence, the paradox of simplifying complex systems is the theme of this paper. The paper attempts to answer the question: How can we form simple theories if organizations are so complex? This question carries with the implication that simple theories of organizations are difficult to achieve in the face of increasing complexity. This paper takes the position that though complexity is ever present and increasing, there can be ways in which the system (the organization in this case) can be described or theories can be made about the organization by adopting a two-fold approach. These are treating the organization as an organic whole and forming theories about the whole. The second approach is by taking the constituent parts and then formulating theories about them. In no way does this author assert that simple theories about essentially complex systems can be made. On the other hand, the theme of this paper is that theories about the organization can be formed that can reflect some level of simplicity by following the approaches mentioned above. As Macintosh and Maclean point out in their paper, there is a three-stage process of organizations â€Å"conditioning† the outcome of the transformation process by articulating and reconfiguring the rules which underpin its deep structure; second, it takes steps to move from its current equilibrium and finally it moves into a period where positive and negative feedback loops become the focus of managerial attention.     

Riordan Manufacturing HR System Analysis Essay Example for Free

Riordan Manufacturing HR System Analysis Essay The new HRIS system architecture will be implemented and integrated into the existing IT infrastructure which will be supported by the corporate office in San Jose. I recommend that the company consider a three-tiered implementation approach. HRIS base requirements and enhanced HR functionality being deployed to a consolidated organizational-wide instance of the HRIS located at corporate office and a single virtual network in Tier 1; implementing the HRIS base requirements to US based locations in Tier 2; and providing enhanced HR functionality and support to the worldwide locations in Tier 3. In addition to the above, Tier 1 would also incorporate the deployment of a centralized data warehouse to accommodate consolidated management analysis and reporting. Under the new HR Information System, all employee information will be recorded and stored. Riordan will benefit from this system with features such as grievance tracking, payroll, security, with limited access for low level employees, and a central server connection that will work with most other servers; cross-platform access will also be available just in case a department manager (IT manager) uses a MAC instead of Windows, they would have access to the data and finally Riordan’s HR staff will be able to access all employee data at any time and at all Riordan locations. Understanding and finding the right software for Riordan Manufacturing, several options made their selves known; there are two programs which stood out, Trak-IT HR and Perfect HR. The programs mentioned above have all of the necessary tools and functions that a company like Riordan needs to upgrade their Human Resource Department Information System. There are some differences between programs; Perfect HR does have a Payroll Management system that will be needed for the Human Resource Department at Riordan (Aspetuck Systems Inc. 2007). Here is a little information from Trak-It HR, â€Å"Since 1988, !Trak-It Solutions has been developing and enhancing our HRIS software to meet the ever-changing needs of the Human Resource professional in small and medium-sized companies.† (! Trak-It  Solutions. 2007). Trak-IT HR software is recommended because it will be able to handle all of the requirements that Riordan’s Human Resource Department needs; as it is very easy to navigate through and will be very easy to train individuals in the HR department, the system uses the latest technology for HR Departments such as Graphic Toolbar, Pull-Down Menus and Shortcut Keys† (!Trak-It Solutions, para. 2). This will make it easy for the user to navigate through with ease and has easy to follow navigations. Application architecture will include a new HRIS architecture which will include a DBMS (Data Base Management system), OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) combined with web services in an intranet application, which will be coded using open source technology. In this scenario the assumption will be that the HRIS system is not capable of storing or producing the additional information needed by the HR department. Currently, the HR department uses the HRIS system to store basic employee information. To implement this system it will require updating (training) all employees that will use the Riordan Human Resource information; this would include, Managers, Recruiters, Employee Relation Specialist, Human Resource Personnel, Payroll Personnel and whoever else is a part of the Human Resource Department. Any Upgrades must be based on the employees (User) position and should be determined on h ow often these users use this system. All Human Resource Personnel should receive an upgrade at start-up of the new system. A User-centered deign for interface will be used, this design will enable the system to adapt to the HR department as a whole and will still remain easy to understand and be user friendly. â€Å"Security is a process and not a state, ongoing refinement and assessment is needed for prolonged success† (Security Innovation Inc. 2007). With a new Information System comes security issues and this system will be in need of some sort of a security system. Using an outside source for security would benefit Riordan and if Riordan decides to go with an outside security company rather than having an in-house security system, this would reduce the technical help needed in order to run the security system, giving Riordan more time to concentrate on their Human Resources, ensuring employee benefit. We have touched on Riordan’s new HRIS system and security measures needed for this system and when security measures are in place the HRIS System will run smoothly. Data Base Integrity must be included in this process; the following security controls are to be recommended within the  DBMS (Data Base Management System), Identify security controls (Critical Assets) for Riordan HR system; Data Encryption, Transition Control, Backup and Recovery Protection, and the last one is most important when all other security bases are covered and Data Validation Controls are also needed for ensuring that all numeric fields are correct. During security implementation process, threats will be identified as well as any disaster recovery. To ensure that the appropriate and correct data is kept safe as well as all HR financial data, the security involvement by outside security firm will follow any security specifications that are needed for the new HR system. They will also run monthly security checkups as well as providing weekly security scans which will be done by a security team trained by outside security and will be constantly informed of any security threats and security measures. References !Trak-It Solutions. (2007). !Trak-It HR. Retrieved April 20, 2011 from http://www.hris-software.net/index.html Security Innovation Inc. (2007). Solutions for sustainable security. Retrieved April 26, 2011 from http://www.securityinnovation.com/company/index.shtml Aspetuck Systems Inc. (2007). Human resources software and payroll software solutions. Retrieved April 26, 2011 from http://www.perfectsoftware.com/

Modernism Essay -- Comparative Literature Essays Papers

Modernism Modernism is defined in Merriam-Webster's Dictionary as "a self-conscious break with the past and a search for new forms of expression." While this explanation does relate what modernism means, the intricacies of the term go much deeper. Modernism began around 1890 and waned around 1922. Virginia Wolf once wrote, "In or about December, 1910, human character changed." (Hurt and Wilkie 1443). D.H. Lawrence wrote a similar statement about 1915: "It was 1915 the old world ended." (Hurt and Wilkie 1444). The importance of the exact dates of the Modernist period are not so relevant as the fact that new ideas were implemented in the era. Ideas that had never before been approached in the world of literature suddenly began emerging in the works of many great authors. Two of the pioneer Modernist writers were Joseph Conrad and T.S. Eliot. The tendencies to question the incontestable beliefs embedded in all thinking and to focus on the inner self dominated. Old viewpoints were tossed aside to make way for the discovery of modern man's personal spirituality. Two works that are considered important forbears in the Modern period are T.S. Eliot's The Wasteland and Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. One attribute of Modernist writing is Experimentation. This called for using new techniques and disregarding the old. Previous writing was often even considered "stereotyped and inadequate" (Holcombe and Torres). Modern writers thrived on originality and honesty to themselves and their tenets. They wrote of things that had never been advanced before and their subjects were far from those of the past eras. It could be observed that the Modernist writing completely contradicted its predecessors. The past was rejected with vigor and... ...hing, 1971. 37-66. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: Dover Publications, 1990. Cox, C.B. Joseph Conrad: The Modern Imagination. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1974. Eliot, T.S. Collected Poems. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1936. Holcomb, John, and Patricia Torres. "Modernism in Literature". 2002. LitLangs. 6 September 2003 . Hurt, James, and Brian Wilkie. Literature of the Western World Volume II Neoclassicism Through the Modern Period. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. Monroe, Harriet. "A Contrast". Poetry A Magazine of Verse XXI (1923): 325-330. Rpt. in Studies in A Waste Land. Ed. Matthew Bruccoli and Joseph Katz. Columbus: Merrill Publishing, 1971. 19-22. Smith, Grover JR. T.S. Eliot's Poetry and Plays. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1956.

Pharmacy school admission Essay

A glimpse at the list of the top ten most desirable jobs in world will reveal that everyone either wants to be a fireman, doctor, lawyer or an airline pilot. Further down that line and one will discover that being a Doctor of Pharmacy is not among the list of most desirable jobs. This is an understandable fact given that not everyone comprehends the importance and complexity of the job. Unlike others, however, I was given the wonderful opportunity to see just what a Doctor of Pharmacy does and as such, it has strengthened my desire to be one. Probably one of the main reasons why I am keen on pursuing a Doctor of Pharmacy degree is because of my lifelong passion for helping out people. I vividly remember the first time I entered a Pharmacy. My uncle, who managed the Pharmacy at the corner of where I grew up as a child, had brought me to where he worked. He told me that it was like a candy store except that it was for grown ups and that it also made people happy. The moment he opened those doors and ushered me into the Pharmacy I was dumbfounded. Never had I seen so many colorful bottles and pills in orange plastic cylinders that looked no bigger than a tic-tac. If my uncle hadn’t told me that they were not candy I swear I could have eaten them all. The most amazing thing about that experience however was not how wonderful the store seemed to me back then as a child but the fact that every person who walked into that Pharmacy that day seemed to know him by name while he also knew them by heart. He knew their families, their ailments, their refills and prescriptions. He could even tell you from the handwriting alone which doctor had written out the prescription. This was a man of character and man who lived his life to help others. It was never a glamorous job yet that day, my uncle was a star. It was this passion that my uncle had for helping people and giving them the medicines that they needed that first got me thinking about pursuing a Doctor of Pharmacy degree. I have always believed that living life for oneself is not fulfilling. There is so much more to life than just the accumulation of material wealth. While I am certainly not preaching a religion, I would like to express my opinion that life should be lived in the service of others. The contributions that one can make to his community should never be overlooked. That is one of the reasons why I have chosen this profession and that is why I am confident that I will be able to be a catalyst of change in the future.

Essay on Euthanasia Not Just for the Terminally Ill

Euthanasia: Not Just for the Terminally Ill Euthanasia or assisted suicide would not only be available to people who are terminally ill. This popular misconception is what this essay seeks to correct. There is considerable confusion on this point, perhaps further complicated by statements in the media. There are two problems here - the definition of terminal and the changes that have already taken place to extend euthanasia or assisted suicide to those who arent terminally ill. There are many definitions for the word terminal. For example, Jack Kevorkian who participated in the deaths of more than 130 people before he was convicted of murder said that a terminal illness was any disease that curtails†¦show more content†¦23) The idea that euthanasia and assisted suicide should only be practiced if a patient has a terminal condition has never been accepted in the Netherlands.(Griffiths) Under both the previous guidelines and the new law in the Netherlands, unbearable suffering of either a physical or mental nature has been the factor that qualifies one for induced death.(For) It appears that not even the prerequisite of subjective unbearable suffering will be maintained for much longer. Discussion now centers on whether assisted suicide should be available to elderly people who are healthy but tired of life. Dutch Minister of Justice Els Borst has said, I am not against it if it can be carefully controlled so that only those people of advanced age who are tired of life can use it.(Oostven) Assisted suicide for non-terminally ill patients has also been advocated repeatedly in the United States. In 1994, the influential New England Journal of Medicine published an article recommending legalization that would permitShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Should Be Allowed And Protected By Legislation1656 Words   |  7 Pagesshe lives in has not legalized euthanasia and she is forced to live with the excruciating mental and physical pain for many more months. Many believe that a person who is terminally ill should retain the right to choose whether or not they want to die and defend the practice by saying it is financially suitable. Euthanasia should be allowed and protected by legislation because it a human’s ethical right to die and it is also economically sensible. Narratio Euthanasia is used to terminate the lifeRead MoreEuthanasi An Utilitarian Perspective1676 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia is one of the topics that have aroused heated ethical debate all over the universe. By definition, euthanasia, also known as mercy killing can be termed as the practice of allowing a slow and less painful death on terminally ill patients or on patient’s that have lost the hope of living. I argue that the practice of euthanasia need not involve the doctor’s moral feelings for they are irrelevant and therefore should be practiced to ensure that the terminally-ill patients and the publicRead MorePhysician Assisted Death For The Terminally Ill1601 Words   |  7 Pages University Name Name of The Institute Course Title A Report on Physician assisted death for the terminally ill in US Student Name Introduction In United States, Euthanasia  is a highly controversial subject among politicians, legislators and society members. Just the mention of this issue polarizes different groups on opposing ends as some either support it and others want to keep it illegal and unlawful(Steck, Egger, Maessen, Reisch, Zwahlen, 2013). The main ideology that is discussedRead MoreEuthanasia Should Not Be Legal1683 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia is derived from the Greek, â€Å"eu† meaning good, and â€Å"thanatos† translating to death, together the word makes â€Å"good death†. A person who is terminally ill often goes through excruciating pain and suffering. Ultimately, the right to euthanize a terminally ill patient should be legal across the nation because that person doesn’t see an end to their anguish, so they wish to turn to euthanasia. Euthanasia frees the patient’s body and mind, lets them die with dignity, and their loved ones don’tRead MoreEuthanasi Murde r Or Mercy?1375 Words   |  6 Pagesresolved through euthanasia. Euthanasia is an intentional act that involves a doctor or physician ending a patient s life so that the patient may stop suffering from a harmful disease (Nordqvist 2016). It is a solution in which doctors can help patients with terminal diseases, such as Lou Gehrig’s Disease, to end their suffering because they do not want the patients to live a life in which they have to endure such pain and agony. 87% of the people believe and support the fact that euthanasia is beneficialRead MoreEuthanasia Should Be Legalized For Terminally Ill People1064 Words   |  5 PagesThe word euthanasia has a Greek meaning â€Å"the good death. On the other hand, in the society today, there are deeper and more meanings to euthanasia than before. Voluntary euthanasia concerns itself with the consent of the person to die through the assistance of others. Voluntary euthanasia can be divided into two areas: passive voluntary witc h is holding back medical treatment with the patient’s request, active voluntary killing the patient at that patient s request informing the assistant on howRead MoreThe Justification Of Euthanasia Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pagescitizens are afforded so many rights lead me to the question, do we have the right to die? There are many people in the world who are against Euthanasia. Points are brought up that it is murder, it is not moral to end someone else’s life, and giving the consent to a doctor to do such an action gives them too much power. In the unfortunate event that one is terminally ill and clinging to life in unbearable pain, should people have the rights to be euthanizing or rather the right to mercy or should one beRead MoreThe Debate About Euthanasia And Euthanasia1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe debates about euthanasia date all the way back to the 12th century. During this time, Christian values increased the public’s opinion against euthanasia. T he church taught its followers that euthanasia not only injured individual people and their communities, but also violated God’s authority over life. This idea spread far and wide throughout the public until the 18th century when the renaissance and reformation writers attacked the church and its teachings. However, the public did not pay muchRead MoreEssay about Legalizing Euthanasia990 Words   |  4 PagesLegalizing Euthanasia Whose life is it, anyway? A Plea stated by the late Sue Rodrigues. Rogrigues, a high-profile, terminally-ill resident of British Columbia, Canada, suffered from a terminally ill disease (Robinson, 2001). She was helped to commit suicide by a physician in violation of Canadian law. Many people, like Rodrigues, want to be in control of their final days. Terminally ill patients have a terminal disease and do not want to diminish their assets by incurring large medicalRead MoreEuthanasia Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia: The Liberty to Die With Dignity The Pro-Life Alliance defines Euthanasia as: â€Å"Any action or omission intended to end the life of a patient on the grounds that his or her life is not worth living.† (ProCon.org). So the question stands, should an individual who is terminally ill, is in unbearable pain, can no longer function independently, who feels their life is so intolerable that it is no longer worth living, and who is of sound mind, be permitted the right to end their own life? Canada

Alternative Methods to Prison Sentencing in Britain Essay

More and more people in Britain are being sentenced to jail time: this is a fact. In 2004, there are currently over eighty thousand inmates.[1] (Peter Reydt, 2004 / Scottish Executive, 2003) Crime is on the increase but our prisons are already overcrowded. Consequently, new prisons will be required to accommodate prisoners. Where will the money come from to pay for the construction of new prisons? Will they have a sufficient rehabilitation programs in place? The prison system is obviously failing because it is not acting as a deterrent. Clearly we should now be examining why the system is failing and possible alternatives to prison. What should these alternatives be? Would they work and would they†¦show more content†¦Consequently, all this toughening up on crime just seemed to be adding more and more numbers to the prison population. Jack Straw, the Home Secretary of the time, wanted to increase the use of electronic tagging to try and help ease the numbers entering prison but, on the other hand, he wanted to toughen up sentencing for offenders he described as the worst anti-social crimes such as burglary[5](Cascianni, 2002). This appears that Jack Straw was trying to decrease the prison population but at the same time increase it - a rather contradictory message. Since David Blunketts hard line speeches in 2002, the Howard League for Penal Reform who have been monitoring the prison numbers since 2001, noticed that the actual number of people being sent to prison had been constant until he started making tough speeches about crime and punishment. Since then, up to 500 more people per week have been sentenced to prison - a huge number and a huge burden on the prison service. Because of these increases being placed on the prison population, there is now more of a financial burden on the taxpayer. To keep an offender in prison for just one year, it will cost in excess of thirty seven thousand pounds whereas it would only cost around two thousand pounds to place an offender on a community punishment order (PeterShow MoreRelatedThe Need for Prisons in Britain Essay2046 Words   |  9 PagesThe Need for Prisons in Britain The prison population in England and Wales currently stands at 71,800. According to the Home Office estimate this figure is projected to rise to 83,500 by 2008. Similarly in Scotland, which has a separate legal system and its own private service, there are similar pressures. Prisons can be successful in their four aims: retribution, protection, deterrence and rehabilitation. Reconviction rates are at a substantial low, but is that enoughRead MoreSociological Perspective Of Punishment Is Economic Determinism And Class Interest1459 Words   |  6 Pagessee punishment in relation to the economic structure of society in which it takes place and to the class system, which as a result it promotes by penal practices and ideologies. In other words, the labour market has an impact on the choice of penal methods, and punishment serves the interest of the dominant class. Following from this Rusche and Kircheimer attempted to show that the penal practices in any society is directly linked to the mode of production, they highlighted that a shift from slaveryRead MoreThe Capital Punishment Is Important For Consideration Is Intergovernmental Relations1423 Words   |  6 Pagesto death. The death penalty laws date back to the Eighteenth Century B.C. Death sentences were carried out by crucifixion, drowning, beating, burning, and impalement. The country that influenced the death penalty to America was Great Britain. Most of Great Britain execution was usually done by hanging. The first use of the death penalty in America was in 1608. Captain George Kendall of Jamestown Colony of Virginia was executed for being a spy for Spain. Due to the first known objection of the deathRead MoreThe Controversy Over Capital Punishment2295 Words   |  10 Pageshave to provide alternatives to the death penalty that would make sure the criminals that committed the crimes receive harsh enough punishment that would please those wanting to keep the death penalty. Whether or not they are able to accomplish such a task is hard to say. The death penalty needs to be removed on the grounds that is unconstitutional. The first laws created to kill another human based on wrongdoings is thought to date back to the Eighteenth Century B.C. with methods such as stoningRead MoreShould Incarceration Serve as Rehabilitation or Retribution Essay3510 Words   |  15 PagesRehabilitation or Retribution Should Incarceration Serve as Rehabilitation or Retribution 1 Introduction Incarceration refers to the state of being confined in a prison. It may also mean detention, custody or captivity. This is usually as a result of a crime committed, and serves the offender as a form of punishment. It is meant to deter others from committing crimes, and to rehabilitate criminals. RehabilitationRead MoreThe Ineffective Use of Capital Punishment1445 Words   |  6 Pagestablets were Crucifixion, drowning, beating to death, and burning alive. Britain also used capital punishment for crimes. In the Tenth century they hung people. When King Henry was the ruler as many as 72,000 people have been executed. Some methods for executions during this time were boiling,burning, and beheading. You could have been executed for marrying a Jew,Treasoning, and not confessing to a crime. Capital punishment in Britain had influenced America. When the Europeans settled to america they broughtRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Capital Punishment1271 Words   |  6 Pagestwenty-five crimes, that were punishable by death. These crimes included adultery and helping slaves escape. This code was to become the stepping stones of laws of many civilizations to come. In the Tenth Century A.D., hanging became the usual method of execution in Britain. In the following next century, William the Conqueror, king of England would not allow people to be executed for any crime, except in times of war. This did not last, for in the Sixteenth Century, under the reign of Henry VIII, as manyRead MoreThe Punishment Mechanisms Of Probation And Parole Essay1844 Words   |  8 PagesThe punishment mechanisms of probation and parole developed from different social circumstances, which were driven by the need for alternative means to imprisonment. The creation of the mechanisms for probation can be linked to the moral panic caused by the excess consumption of alcohol and the increased amount of alcohol-related offences. In contrast, the development of parole was the result of the systems at t he time, failing to deliver the expected results. This essay will outline the differentRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty2027 Words   |  9 PagesHammurabi in Babylon. The first recorded death penalty case took place in the 16th century BC where a man was sentenced to death for his alleged use of magic. The death penalty in the United States was influenced by Britain power over the original thirteen colonies. In the 1700’s, Britain had two hundred and twenty-two crimes that could be punished by death. The first legal execution in the United States took place in Virginia in 1622 where the defendant was put to death for theft (PBS). The first stateRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Not The Most Effective Form Of Punishment1824 Words   |  8 Pagesever being allowed back on the streets to commit further crimes. The death penalty is a preferred method of punishment because it is permanent; however, it should be avoided because it is permanent. There is too much of a p ossibility that an innocent person could be executed for a crime that they did not commit. An execution cannot be undone. Studies have also shown that the death penalty is a biased method of punishment because disadvantaged people, such as minorities and people of lower social status

The Battle of Austerlitz Essay - 630 Words

Everyone knows that Napoleon was a great leader and commander but it is not as cut and dry as popular history makes it out to be. His great victory at Austerlitz cemented him as one of the greatest commanders in history. This battle is was a tactical masterpiece up there with Gaugamela and Cannae. However, there is more to analyze here than just the battle itself. Many aspects of war include mobilization, supply, training, moral, army structure etc. and all play a part in Napoleon’s victories and the creation of the French Empire. Another variable to consider is the quality of the armies led by Tsar Alexander I of Russia and the Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II of Austria. The focus here is to look at how these aspects played a role in†¦show more content†¦Napoleon truly believed in keeping his soldiers healthy and happy. There are more things to compare and analyze here and with the help of countless memoirs from soldiers on the field and commanders, it is possible to delve deeper into the variables of the battle. This also includes a background of how the state of the armies and their countries were before the battle took place. Primary sources include the memoirs of Napoleon, Memoirs from the Courts of Europe regarding the French, and memoirs from Russian commanders regarding the battle. Another good primary source is that of D.J. Larrey, a medical doctor and surgeon who was the first surgeon of Napoleon’s Imperial Guard. Being a surgeon, he had to deal many health issues that came up during campaign. It is no secret that disease could kill an army much more effectively than a musket. Secondary sources include texts by biographers and historians. One includes that of Alan Schom who saw much controversy on his portrayel of Napoleon but in response he said that he wanted to give Napoleon his â€Å"just due.† A book by Frederick W. Kagan also illustrates the battle of Austerlitz in vivid detail and includes maps and troop layouts and formations. Alan Forrest wrote a consolidated account of the French soldier under Napoleon by using the writings of the soldiers. This will be good to give an idea of the type of psychological state that Napoleon’s men were in. Rory Muir also wrote aShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of Austerlitz : Napoleon As A Military Genius1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Austerlitz depicts Napoleon as a military genius. In the nineteenth century many believed Napoleon to be a hero. As The Napoleonic Phenomenon points out: ‘The hero is said to have military genius’ (Barker, 2004, p.106). This is demonstrated by Gà ©rard’s use of colour with regard to Napoleon’s military uniform. The viewer’s attention is drawn to Napoleon dressed in a blue overcoat, a red sash and white bottoms, which is evocative of the tricolour. Furthermore, the hero was believed toRead MoreThe Battles And Disadvantages Of The Battle Of Waterloo1471 Words   |  6 Pages3. The Batt le of Waterloo The defeat of Napoleon during the Battle of Waterloo was the result of many disadvantages, such as weather, topography, and the arrival of Prussian reinforcements to aid the British army. Additionally, Napoleon left his best general, Davout, in Paris instead of using his expertise in battle, and instead, appointed inadequate generals, such as Michel Ney. Most of Sun Tzu’s principles that Napoleon considered for the Battle of Austerlitz were used against him by WellingtonRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte And George Washington941 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutions, two Generals, on two Continents. Bonaparte and Washington fought for equality, freedom, and fraternity for their homelands. This essay will compare and contrast Napoleon Bonaparte and George Washington by their education, most significant battle, and achievements. The question is, was Napoleon Bonaparte a dictator, or one of the most remarkable military strategist? Opinions are diverse about the man who crowned himself as an Emperor. In fact, this explains Napoleon’s words when he said: â€Å"Circumstances-whatRead More Carl Sandburgs Use of Allusion in Grass Essays564 Words   |  3 Pagesfrom the grass to soldiers at war in Austerlitz and Waterloo to kill as many people as they can and shovel them under the grass so that it has enough history to pile under itself and wipe out all the marks of combat. Austerlitz is a village where on Dec. 2, 1805; Napoleon escorted an outnumbered French army to victory over Austrian and Russian forces. Waterloo is where Napoleon suffered his final defeat. Both battles are referenced to Napoleon. At Austerlitz, even though Napoleon tasted his firstRead MoreNapoleons Maxims: Saisir Le Moment1290 Words   |  6 Pagesarmy would be weak, regardless of size. Napoleon made sure to promote individuals on m erit to ensure only the best and most capable generals surrounded him. It was this confidence in his generals that allowed the French army to dominate the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805. Because Napoleon was significantly aided by his Marshals especially, Davout â€Å"The Iron Marshal,† his forces were able to decisively defeat the combined forces of Russia and Austria. He and his men marched for two days straight to arriveRead MoreEssay about Architecture and Insecurity3226 Words   |  13 PagesArchitecture and Insecurity An Analysis of Architecture as Metapho in WG Sebald’s Austerlitz Deyan Sudjic, journalist for the New York Times, writes in his discussion of the potential Freedom Tower meant to replace the cavernous holes that mark where the twin towers once stood: Clearly, there is a psychological parallel between making a mark on the landscape and the exercise of political power†¦both depend on the imposition of will†¦and among the dictatorial†¦there is an inherent appeal in seeingRead MoreEssay about Napoleon I1570 Words   |  7 Pagesthe British navy away from Britain, and didnt have enough power to face them. This, combined with Austria renewing war, forced Napoleon to return to France. Toward the end of 1805, the fleet Napoleon had taken was destroyed by the British at the Battle of Trafalgar, ending the threat of a French invasion of Britain. After this victory, Britain formed the third coalition and was preparing revenge for the attempted invasion of Britain. However, Napoleon had created the extremely powerful grand armyRead MoreThe Art Of War By Sun Tzu1905 Words   |  8 Pagesvolumes) , many of the strategies proposed in the Art of War were seen in Napoleon’s battles, yet crucial principles were still ignored, which directly impacted the result of his battles. The purpose of this essay is to analyze Napoleon’s tactics that relates to the principles from the Art of War and how it impacted the result of both successful and failed battles. As seen in the Battle of Austerlitz and the Battle of Ulm, the application of principles relating to terrain, deception, and the use andRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte : The Downfall Of The French Revolution702 Words   |  3 PagesNapoleon’s popularity would reach its peak. Napoleon and his French army would win several battles defeating other countries like Italy and Austria. He returned to Paris as a hero, and he made the choice to invade Egypt. In 1798, he would sail with 35,000 men to Egypt. He would win the battle called the Battle of the Pyramids. In the same year, the British fleet would destroy the French navy in the Battle of Aboukir led by Admiral Nelson. In 1799, Napoleon would return to Paris after the FrenchRead MoreNapoleons Rise to Power1786 Words   |  8 Pageswould go on to make history. Napoleon was a rising star in the French military. A general at the age of 27, he had won the admiration of France thanks to his leadership, military talents, and personal talents. While in the military, he won many battles over Austria. In 1795, the people of France, tired of the Reign of Terror, revolted, executing many leaders of the Terror. The Directory took power. Upon Napoleons return to France, he found that many people were very dissatisfied with the Directory

Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Summary Example For Students

Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Summary In Shakespeares, MIDSUMMER NIGHTS DREAM, he wrote about a tragedy that he turned into a comedy. He did this to show his audience how stupid humans can act upon their emotions. There are three plots that tie together with one main situation. There is Hermia and Lysander, two star crossed lovers that cant be together. Hermias father wants her to marry Demetrius who Hermias bestfriend Helena loves. Demetrius loves Hermia and trys to pursue her. Then there is Oberon and Titania the King and Queen of the fairies. Oberon is jealous of Titania because she has an Indian boy that shes spending all her time with. He wants the baby and they have a quarrel about it. So as revenge he gets his servant Puck, a fairy, to put a potion in her eyes to distract her when Oberon steals her baby. But this potion made her fall inlove with the first living thing she saw which cooincidently was a jack ass. At first Oberon was amused but then he realized he didnt like how her attention was on the jack ass and not him. Last but not least is a group of dorky guys who are making a play for the first time. Their play is about a tragic love story that ends up in the death of both the lovers because they couldnt be together. The fairies and these clowns that are making the play are very essential for the main plot of Hermia and Lysander and their problems, because it shows how people really act and how their effects are showed in the play. The fairies are essential to the main plot because without Puck there wouldnt have been a comedy at all. Even though he brought confusion to Hermia and Helena about how Lysander and Demetrius both all of the sudden fall inlove with Hermia, at the end Oberon fixed the situation so everyone would be happy. The clowns are also needed because the play they are acting out shows if two lovers cant have each other the way they do, they act on emotions instead of logic and reality, they would take dramatic actions. This play within the play was suppose to show how if you try to keep people away from each other when they dont want to be separated they will do something to act upon your rule. Just like Lysander and Hermia running away to be together against her fathers wishes. Without this play, Theseus would have never seen it and talked to Hermias father to change his mind and allowing his daughter to marry Lysander. What Shakespeare is trying to tell his audience is that if you try to stop lovers from being with one another, theyll find another way or do something terrible. Without these subplots in the play there would be no happy ending for everyone.

Biological Application

Question: Describe criteria for the selection of polymeric materials to be used as biomaterials. By giving suitable examples, explain the role of surface properties in biomaterials and how these properties can be evaluated. Answer: Material for Biological Application Biomaterials are used as a substitute material for biological applications. It is a synthetic material, which is used in manufacturing specialized pieces of equipment (Azab et al. 2006). These types of equipment are then replaced with a living organ or incorporated in a living tissue or cell system. The primary requirement for a suitable biomaterials is that it should be safe, economically affordable, and physiologically acceptable (Ramakrishna et al. 2001). Biomaterials are used in a broad range of clinical aspects like an artificial hip joint, bone plates, and screws, cardiac pacemaker, intra-ocular lens, mastectomy augmentation, chin augmentation, probes and catheters, artificial stapes, intra-medullary rod, etc. Material composed polymers are called polymeric compounds (Domb and Kumar, 2011). Polymers are composed of monomers that are the chemical units. Polymeric substances are highly used to manufacture the components mentioned. Along with low toxicity and reactive level, there are several factors like suitable surface properties are also maintained as a strong parameter (King and Lyman, 1975). Criteria for the selection of polymeric materials as biomaterials Polymers are used widely in biotechnology and medical sector, surgical equipment, implants, drug delivery systems, as carriers of immobilized enzymes and cells (Domb and Kumar, 2011).. Before considering a material as a biomaterial, it should be checked that whether the material's characteristics is matching with the parameters of an ideal biomaterial. Surface properties are one of the most important of these requirements as the surface properties can control a devices performance (Domb and Kumar, 2011). Interfacial properties of both device and the material used are needed to be addressed from outside. It is also important to monitor and modify the intrinsic surface properties as the clinical functioning of the biomedical equipment (Schmalz , 2009). The central aspect for a suitable biomaterial is biocompatibility (the suggested material should not be carcinogenic, nonpyrogenic, nontoxic and should not give rise to any allergic reaction). Sterilizable (The material can be sterilized by autoclave, dry heating, ethyl oxide gas, radiation, etc.). Physical property (high strength, elasticity and durability) and manufacturability (easy for machinability, molding, extruding and fiber forming) (Domb and Kumar, 2011).. Clinical problems that might be addressed Newly developed technologies have implemented the use of different biomaterials in a clinical study. High-compliance elastic polymers, synthetic and natural absorbable materials provide the scope of designing new equipment in biomedical sectors (Domb and Kumar, 2011). The phenomenon of designing new materials helps the researchers to study various tissues of human and animal sources. The study can develop clinically useful equipment. Ceramics is also used as an inert and bioactive materials used in clinical situations (Maganti, 2011). The Carbon surfaces have a high degree of tissue compatibility in a variety of cases such as heart valves, dental implants, percutaneous accessing equipment, finger joints and bone plates. In recent years, composite biomaterials are also used in clinical studies. It is a well known fact that all natural tissues are composite (Ratner et al. 2012). Using this principle, scientists have developed equipment made up of composite biomaterials that possess fle xibility and adaptation for blood contracting equipment. In recent studies. It is clear that spectroscopic techniques are used in the study of biomaterial surfaces and biomaterial-tissue interface study. These methods include the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analyzes (ESCA) are beneficial for both manufacturing and clinical follow-up (Maganti, 2011).. Importance of different properties The surface property is one of the major aspects to be considered in the case of biomaterials. The surface property is determined through analysis of both chemical compositions and different conversion processes. Through these techniques effects of the particular biomaterial on the local tissues can be monitored on a cellular level by the biomaterial-tissue interface.The desired cellular response is therefore highly controlled for proper medical implant design. The main aspects of surface properties to be considered are nonspecific interaction, specific binding and surface topology (Ratner et al. 2012). Bulk properties of a biomaterial include ionic bonding, covalent bonding, metallic bonding, van der Waals and hydrogen bonding. The physical, chemical, mechanical and electrical properties of a particular material should be evaluated carefully (Shi et al. 2006). These properties play a fundamental role in determining whether the material considered provided critical inputs to assess the interrelated biomechanical and biological analysis. In the case of clinical equipment, maximum yield strength, fatigue strength creep deformability, ductility and fracture possibility of the device should be considered. Elasticity, viscoelasticity of the material is also needed to be considered (Shi et al. 2006). In the case of chemical properties, the toxicity of the material is required to be studied broadly. Toxicity of a substance can increase due to primary degradation of the studied material. The qualitative study of the material should be carried out in order to monitor the material's toxicity level in a biological environment (Shue, Yufeng and Mony, 2012). The electrochemical properties of the material play a significant role as influences the possibility of the materials biocompatibility. Modification required RGD method can be applied to increase the cell adherence or the cell attachment of the biomaterials. RGD model is comprised of Arginine (R), Glycine (G) and Aspartic acid (D). Functionalized of materials using RGD immobilization techniques enhances the surface density, spatial arrangements, and integrin affinity. This method is mainly used in case of polymer modifications (Shue, Yufeng and Mony, 2012). Plasma-surface modification is also used in biomedical engineering. Plasma sputtering and etching, plasma implantation, plasma deposition, plasma polymerization laser plasma deposition, plasma spraying are the techniques under this method that are broadly used. Through this process, surface properties of a biocompatibility of a material can be increased keeping the bulk properties unchanged (Shue, Yufeng and Mony, 2012). Characterization: Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) is broadly used for the characterization of biomaterials.Using the photoelectric effect phenomenon, X-rays are intensified upon the specimen material. The interaction between the X-rays and atoms of the specimen emits core level electron or inner shell. The energy in these electrons is measured and evaluated. These data will reflect and highlight key information about the particular material (Sun et al. 2012). Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) In these methods a beam of primary ions are used and focused on the specimen. Secondary electrons that are emitted are then collected and analyzed. The mass of emitted ions is measured with this method (Sun et al. 2012). Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) is also known as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. This method is used for the characterization. The infra-red spectrum of the subject material is obtained through passing a beam of infrared light through the sample. The transmitted light is examined, and the data will show the amount of light absorbed by the specimen on each wavelength. An absorbance spectrum is made according to the data (Sun et al. 2012). Contact Angle Method such as Wettability is also used for the characterization of a biomaterial. Other methods such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) are used for the surface characterization of a biomaterial (Shi et al. 2006). Recent Trends The development in biomaterial modification has been highly productive in the past few years. Newly developed techniques are used in clinical sectors that are helping many people across the globe. Currently development of artificial tissue, consisting macroscale and nanoscale features (Shue, Yufeng and Mony, 2012).. Chitosan is also developed as a biomaterial. Computerized additive and subtractive methods have recently used for the development of biomaterials. Now a day, atomic data obtained through computer tomography, MNR methods are also increasingly used. Recently, prostheses and biosensors are also developed using biomaterials to be implanted into organic systems. Electrospinning nano fibers are also developed in recent years from synthetic polymers. These nano fibers increase adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of cells. These materials are used for intimating topographical architecture of human cells (Shue, Yufeng and Mony, 2012). From, these data, it can be considered that developing biomaterials in recent years and the future has a huge prospect that will enrich the clinical and medical sector. Many applications of biomaterials are used in different cases such as cardiovascular diseases, lenses for eye treatment, bone plates, etc. Biomaterials are used as the substitute for natural organic organs, tissues, etc. There is no other way to regenerate the natural organs or tissues. So bio materials play a crucial and important role that cannot be substituted by any other means (Shi et al. 2006). In conclusion, it can be considered that biomaterials play a crucial role in the artificial hip joint, bone plates, and screws, cardiac pacemaker, intra-ocular lens, mastectomy augmentation, chin augmentation, probes and catheters, artificial stapes, intra-medullary rod, etc. There are also some prospects such as nano fibers, artificial tissue, etc. Recently a GPS technology has been developed for the brain. There is also a huge future prospect as the equipment are needed to be enhanced and less cost efficient. Researchers are trying their level through scientific studies to develop more enhanced biomaterials. To produce such material, characterization of the materials is needed to be studied thoroughly. Existing characterization techniques are used as well as several new techniques are also used for a broader range of studies. These methods help to evaluate each character or properties more efficiently, which contributes to modify the substances more effectively. References Azab, A.K., Orkin, B., Doviner, V., Nissan, A., Klein, M., Srebnik, M. and Rubinstein, A., 2006. Crosslinked chitosan implants as potentially degradable devices for brachytherapy: in vitro and in vivo analysis.Journal of controlled release,111(3), pp.281-289. Domb, A.J. and Kumar, N. eds., 2011.Biodegradable polymers in clinical use and clinical development. John Wiley Sons. King, R.N. and Lyman, D.J., 1975. Polymers in contact with the body.Environmental health perspectives,11, p.71. Maganti, N., Surya, V., Pavan, K.C., Theinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Han, W.W., Pesacreta, T.C. and Misra, R.D.K., 2011. StructureProcessProperty Relationship of Biomimetic Chitosanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: Biological, Physicoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Chemical, and Mechanical Functions.Advanced Engineering Materials,13(3), pp.B108-B122. Pachence, J.M. and Kohn, J., 2000. Biodegradable polymers.Principles of tissue engineering,3, pp.323-339. Petrenko, Y.A., Ivanov, R.V., Petrenko, A.Y. and Lozinsky, V.I., 2011. Coupling of gelatin to inner surfaces of pore walls in spongy alginate-based scaffolds facilitates the adhesion, growth, and differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells.Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine,22(6), pp.1529-1540. Ramakrishna, S., Mayer, J., Wintermantel, E. and Leong, K.W., 2001. Biomedical applications of polymer-composite materials: a review.Composites science and technology,61(9), pp.1189-1224. Ratner, B.D., Hoffman, A.S., Schoen, F.J. and Lemons, J.E., 2004.Biomaterials science: an introduction to materials in medicine. Academic press. Schmalz, G., 2009. Determination of biocompatibility. InBiocompatibility of dental Materials(pp. 13-43). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Shi, C., Zhu, Y., Ran, X., Wang, M., Su, Y. and Cheng, T., 2006. Therapeutic potential of chitosan and its derivatives in regenerative medicine.Journal of Surgical Research,133(2), pp.185-192. Shue, L., Yufeng, Z. and Mony, U., 2012. Biomaterials for periodontal regeneration: a review of ceramics and polymers.Biomatter,2(4), pp.271-277. Sun, H.H., Qu, T.J., Zhang, X.H., Yu, Q. and Chen, F.M., 2012. Designing biomaterials for in situ periodontal tissue regeneration.Biotechnology Progress,28(1), pp.3-20.